1. UN Special Committee finds Israel’s warfare methods in Gaza consistent with genocide, including use of starvation as weapon of war | ohchr. United Nations Press Release. (2024, November 14). www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide 

  2. Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. Amnesty International. (2024, December 5). https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/  

  3. Maad, A., Audureau, W., & Forey, S. (2024, April 3). “40 beheaded babies”: Deconstructing the rumor at the heart of the information battle between Israel and Hamas. Le Monde.fr. www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2024/04/03/40-beheaded-babies-the-itinerary-of-a-rumor-at-the-heart-of-the-information-battle-between-israel-and-hamas_6667274_8.html

  4. Gupta, A. (2024, March 6). Claims of mass rape by Hamas unravel upon investigation . YES! Magazine. www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2024/03/05/israel-hamas-oct7-report-gaza

  5. 9572nd Meeting, S. C. (2024, March 11). Reasonable grounds to believe conflict-related sexual violence occurred in Israel during 7 October attacks, senior UN official tells Security Council | Meetings coverage and press releases. United Nations Security Council. https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15621.doc.htm 

  6. Kubovich, Y. (2024, July 7). IDF ordered Hannibal Directive on October 7 to prevent Hamas taking soldiers captive. Haaretz.com. www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-07/ty-article-magazine/.premium/idf-ordered-hannibal-directive-on-october-7-to-prevent-hamas-taking-soldiers-captive/00000190-89a2-d776-a3b1-fdbe45520000 

  7. Bergman, R., & Goldman, A. (2023, December 1). Israel knew Hamas’s attack plan more than a year ago. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html 

  8. Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of ‘something big’ | The Times of Israel. (2023, October 9). https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/  

  9. Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces | B’Tselem. (2024, September 2). https://www.btselem.org/statistics/detainees_and_prisoners  

     

  10. Middle East Monitor. (2024, November 8). Israel passes law allowing Palestinian children under 14 to be jailed. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241108-israel-passes-law-allowing-palestinian-children-under-14-to-be-jailed/  

  11. Oltermann, P. (2023, October 15). Palestinian voices “shut down” at Frankfurt Book Fair, say authors. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/15/palestinian-voices-shut-down-at-frankfurt-book-fair-say-authors 

  12. Diamond, J. (2023, December 12). This weird NYC couple doesn’t want you to read Palestinian children’s books. Literary Hub. lithub.com/this-weird-nyc-couple-doesnt-want-you-to-read-palestinian-childrens-books/ 

  13. Táíwò, O. O. (2022). Elite capture: How the powerful took over identity politics (and everything else). Haymarket Books. 12.

  14. Ibid, 10

  15. Ibid, 7

  16. Schaefer, B. (2014, February 21). Israeli military one of the world’s most LGBT friendly, report says. Haaretz.com. www.haaretz.com/2014-02-22/ty-article/.premium/idf-one-of-worlds-most-lgbt-friendly 

  17. Vice president Harris to protesters: “I’m speaking.” C-Span. (n.d.). www.c-span.org/video/?c5127583%2Fvice-president-harris-protesters-im-speaking 

  18. Ibid, 112

  19. Ibid, 113.

  20. Sato, M. (2024, June 5). Israel reportedly used fake social media accounts to influence us lawmakers. The Verge. www.theverge.com/2024/6/5/24172002/israel-gaza-war-covert-influence-camapaign-meta-openai 

  21. United Nations. (2024b, March 27). Gaza war: “direct hits” on more than 200 schools since Israeli bombing began    | UN news. United Nations. news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1148031 

  22. Krever, M., & Diamond, J. (2024, October 24). The Israeli military has used Palestinians as human shields in Gaza, soldier and former detainees say. CNN. www.cnn.com/2024/10/24/middleeast/palestinians-human-shields-israel-military-gaza-intl/index.html

  23. Israeli forces use Palestinian children as human shields during siege of hospital | defense for children Palestine. Defense for Children International . (2024, September 23). www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_use_palestinian_children_as_human_shields_during_siege_of_hospital 

  24. Al Jazeera. (2024, June 23). “human shielding in action”: Israeli forces strap Palestinian man to Jeep. www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/23/human-shielding-in-action-israeli-forces-strap-palestinian-man-to-jeep

  25. Esensten, A. (2023, December 19). Black Israelis mobilized for their country, as soldiers, volunteers and Social Media Warriors. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778604

  26. Bohbot, A. (2024a, November 18). Historic first: Female israeli combat soldiers conduct Lebanon operations. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-829602 

  27. Schaefer, B. (2014, February 21). Israeli military one of the world’s most LGBT friendly, report says. Haaretz.com. www.haaretz.com/2014-02-22/ty-article/.premium/idf-one-of-worlds-most-lgbt-friendly/0000017f-f8b2-d2d5-a9ff-f8be12420000

  28. BBC. (2022, October 7). Gay Palestinian Ahmad Abu Marhia beheaded in West Bank. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63174835 

  29. Price, A. (2023, June 12). Texas woman killed after shooter shouted anti-gay slur, per affidavit. Axios Austin. www.axios.com/local/austin/2023/06/12/akira-ross-murder-shooting 

  30. Williams, R. (2015, August 2). Shira Banki, Israeli teen attacked at Jerusalem Gay Pride Parade, dies from injuries. NBCNews.com. www.nbcnews.com/news/world/shira-banki-israeli-teen-attacked-jerusalem-gay-pride-parade-dies-n402576 

  31. #OUTLAWED: “The love that dare not speak its name.” Maps of anti-LGBT Laws Country by Country | Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). https://features.hrw.org/features/features/lgbt_laws/  

  32. Gaza Strip Demographics Profile. Index Mundi. (2021, September 18). www.indexmundi.com/gaza_strip/demographics_profile.html 

  33. Allen, M., & VandeHei, J. (2024, May 6). Biden vs. Trump: 6% of Americans in these states will decide who wins. Axios. www.axios.com/2024/05/06/biden-trump-election-swing-states 

  34. 200 days of military attack on Gaza: A horrific death toll amid intl. failure to stop Israel’s genocide of Palestinians. Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. (2024, April 24). euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6282/200-days-of-military-attack-on-Gaza:-A-horrific-death-toll-amid-intl.-failure-to-stop-Israel%E2%80%99s-genocide-of-Palestinians

  35. Israel’s Likud signs coalition deal with anti-LGBTQ Radical. AP News. (2022, November 28). apnews.com/article/middle-east-religion-israel-gay-rights-d525655630fcf17082d0a6b8a8a998c8 

  36. Ben David, T., & Ben David, L. (2021, September 17). “I’d rather die in the west bank”: LGBTQ Palestinians find no safety in Israel. +972 Magazine. www.972mag.com/lgbtq-palestinians-israel-asylum/ 

  37.  Ashly, J. (2019, August 27). PA rescinds ban on LGBTQ Group after protests. The Electronic Intifada. electronicintifada.net/content/pa-rescinds-ban-lgbtq-group-after-protests/28201 

  38. de Guzman, C. (2023, October 20). In Gaza, “queering the map” shows heartbreaking LGBT notes. Time. time.com/6326254/queering-the-map-gaza-lgbt-palestinians/ 

  39. Al Jazeera English. “’Black faces in high places are not going to save us’” – Quotable. YouTube. (April 17,          2024). www.youtube.com/watch?v=javaZtuESR4

  40. Pew Research Center. (2021, May 11). Jewish Americans in 2020, 9. race, ethnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/race-ethnicity-heritage-and-immigration-among-u-s-jews/ 

  41. Pew Research Center. (2021, May 11). Jewish Americans in 2020, 11. economics and well-being among U.S. jews. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/economics-and-well-being-among-u-s-jews/ 

  42. Jews from the Middle East - Jewish Voice for Peace Fact Sheet. (n.d.). https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/JVP-Jews-of-the-middle-east-fact-sheet.pdf 

  43. MEE Staff. (2021, June 11). Education and income gaps widening between Israel’s different Jewish groups, says report. Middle East Eye. www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-education-ashkenazi-mizrahi-report 

  44. Goldstein, T. (2019, July 8). Ethiopian-israeli community has hit boiling point, leading activist says | The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. www.timesofisrael.com/ethiopian-israeli-community-has-reached-boiling-point-leading-activist-says/ 

  45. Greenwood, P. (2013, February 28). Ethiopian women in Israel “given contraceptive without consent.” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/28/ethiopian-women-given-contraceptives-israel

  46. Israel’s apartheid against Palestinians: A cruel system of domination and a crime against humanity. Amnesty International. (2022, February 1). www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/ 

  47. Johnson, A., & Ali, O. (2024, January 10). Coverage of gaza war in the New York Times and other major newspapers heavily favored Israel, analysis shows. The Intercept. theintercept.com/2024/01/09/newspapers-israel-palestine-bias-new-york-times/ 

  48. Al Jazeera. (2023, November 7). Is Israel’s Gaza War the deadliest conflict for children in modern times? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/7/is-israels-gaza-war-the-deadliest-conflict-for-children-in-modern-times  

  49. Ibid

  50. Al-Kassab, F. (2024, January 26). A top U.N. Court says Gaza genocide is “plausible” but does not order cease-fire. NPR. www.npr.org/2024/01/26/1227078791/icj-israel-genocide-gaza-palestinians-south-afric a

  51. Museum condemns recent antisemitism on college campuses. Illinois Holocaust Museum. (2024, April 22). www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/museum-condemns-recent-antisemitism-on-college-campuses/ 

  52. Miszak, D. (2024, May 31). A Holocaust Museum cut a survivor from its speaker’s list - for protesting the war in Gaza. The Forward. forward.com/news/618082/holocaust-survivor-cut-museum-protest-gaza/ 

  53. The jewish museum cancels two Jewish artists descended from holocaust survivors for supporting Palestinians. World Art News. (2024, March 13). worldart.news/2024/03/13/the-jewish-museum-cancels-two-jewish-artists-descended-from-holocaust-survivors-for-supporting-palestinians/ 

  54. Holocaust books for Young Adults. Jewish Book Council. (2023, September 20). www.jewishbookcouncil.org/books/reading-lists/holocaust-books-for-young-adults 

  55. Holocaust books for Middle Grade Readers. Jewish Book Council. (2023, September 20). www.jewishbookcouncil.org/books/reading-lists/holocaust-books-for-middle-grade-readers 

  56. Zion, I. B., & Scharf, I. (2022, January 27). One-third of Israeli holocaust survivors live in poverty, advocates say. PBS. www.pbs.org/newshour/world/one-third-of-israeli-holocaust-survivors-live-in-poverty-advocates-say 

  57. Dorman, J. L. (2023, October 14). Descendants of holocaust survivors protesting Israel’s “genocide” of Palestinians among those arrested in front of sen. Chuck Schumer’s house in New York. Business Insider. www.businessinsider.com/israel-pro-palestinian-arrests-descendants-holocaust-gaza-ceasefire-schumer-brooklyn-2023-10 

  58. Danailova, H. (2017, November). PJ Library and its children of the (free monthly) book: Charleston jewish federation. Charleston Jewish Federation. www.jewishcharleston.org/news/pj-library-and-its-children-of-the-free-monthly-book 

  59. Cox, M.-L. (1999, October 14). Author Hochschild recounts lost history of Horror in the Belgian congo. Wilson Center. www.wilsoncenter.org/article/author-hochschild-recounts-lost-history-horror-the-belgian-congo 

  60. David Michael, S. (2019, September). Counting the Dead: Estimating the Loss of Life in  the Indigenous Holocaust, 1492-Present. Southeastern Oklahoma State University. www.se.edu/native-american/wp-content/uploads/sites/49/2019/09/A-NAS-2017-Proceedings-Smith.pdf 

  61. Palestinian American Community Data: Center Arab narratives. Palestinian American Community Data | Center Arab Narratives. (n.d.). https://www.arabnarratives.org/narrative/palestinian-american-community-in-numbers  

  62. Berger, M. (2023, September 29). Sudan’s diaspora sends home aid as world’s attention drifts. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/29/sudan-war-diaspora-aid/ 

  63. Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, August 4). Congolese Americans. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_Americans 

  64. Christian Zionism. Jewish Virtual Library. (n.d.). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/christian-zionism

  65. Irfan, A. (2023, August 23). Why Palestinians are known as the world’s “Best educated refugees”anne Irfan - Columbia University Press Blog. Columbia University Press Blog . cupblog.org/2023/08/23/why-palestinians-are-known-as-the-worlds-best-educated-refugeesanne-irfan/ 

  66. Konieczny, Piotr (2021-06-23). "From Xenophobia to Golden Age: "Jewish Paradise" Proverb as a Linguistic Reclamation". Contemporary Jewry. 41 (2): 517–537. doi:10.1007/s12397-021-09380-4. ISSN 1876-5165. S2CID 236146777.

  67. Ben-Naeh, Y. Blond, tall, with honey-colored eyes: Jewish ownership of slaves in the Ottoman Empire. Jew History 20, 315–332 (2006). doi.org/10.1007/s10835-006-9018-z

  68. Sand, S. (2020). The Invention of the Jewish People (Y. Lotan, Trans.). Verso. 247.

  69. Khalidi, R. (2021). The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. Picador. 97.

  70. Ibid, 97

  71. Ibid, 98

  72. Ibid, 104

  73. Ibid, 104

  74. Schmidt, E. (2022, March 16). Reading the numbers: 130 million American adults have low literacy skills. APM Research Lab. www.apmresearchlab.org/10x-adult-literacy 

  75. Librarians and Archivists with Palestine. “Author Meets Booktok: Sim Kern and Rashid Khalidi on 'The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine.’” YouTube. (2023, December 4).             www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9z6SdKDvi8

     

  76. Maad, A., Audureau, W., & Forey, S. (2024, April 3). “40 beheaded babies”: Deconstructing the rumor at the heart of the information battle between Israel and Hamas. Le Monde.fr. www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2024/04/03/40-beheaded-babies-the-itinerary-of-a-rumor-at-the-heart-of-the-information-battle-between-israel-and-hamas_6667274_8.html 

  77. AJ+. (2024, June 5.). The child beheaded in the Rafah tent massacre was named Ahmed Al-Najjar. He was only 18 months old.  Here’s what his family had to say about Ahmed. X (formerly Twitter). x.com/ajplus/status/1798535281081278893 

  78. Hamas Covenant 1988. The Avalon Project : Hamas Covenant 1988. (n.d.). https://avalon.law.yale.edu/21st_century/hamas.asp  

  79. Hamas in 2017: The document in full. Middle East Eye. (2017, May 2). www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-2017-document-full

  80. What is known about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas. AJC. (2024, October 14). www.ajc.org/news/what-is-known-about-israeli-hostages-taken-by-hamas 

  81. Number of Palestinian children in Israeli detention . Defense for Children Palestine. (2024, June 30). www.dci-palestine.org/children_in_israeli_detention 

  82. 640 Palestinian children detained in West Bank since October 7. The New Arab. (2024, June 18). www.newarab.com/news/640-palestinian-children-detained-west-bank-october-7 

  83. Child casualties in the West Bank Skyrocket in the past nine months. UNICEF. (2024, July 22). www.unicef.org/press-releases/child-casualties-west-bank-skyrocket-past-nine-months

  84. Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential. Khatib, Rasha et al. (2024, July 10). The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10449, 237 – 238 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext

  85. Mohammad, L. (2023, October 19). Children make up nearly half of Gaza’s population. here’s what it means for the war. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1206479861/israel-gaza-hamas-children-population-war-palestinians  

  86. BBC. (2024, October 18). IDF drone footage “shows sinwar in final moments.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/c8djz4rn144o  

  87. How the Killing of Yahya Sinwar shattered Israel’s narrative.(2024, October 19). Al Jazeera English. YouTube www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0-8ZjygzpE&t=1232s

  88. Hezbollah vows escalation after Sinwar’s death, Iran says “resistance will endure” | The Times of Israel. (2024a, October 18). https://www.timesofisrael.com/hezbollah-vows-escalation-after-sinwars-death-iran-says-resistance-will-endure/  

  89. Reyes, R. (2024, October 10). I interrogated Oct. 7 mastermind sinwar for 180 hours - there can be no peace as long as he lives. New York Post. nypost.com/2024/10/06/world-news/israeli-who-interrogated-oct-7-mastermind-yahya-sinwar-on-why-he-must-be-killed/ 

  90. Gardner, F. (2024, October 17). Yahya Sinwar: Who was the Hamas leader?. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67473719 

  91. Ginbar, Y. (2019, March 21). It’s now (even more) official: Torture is legal in Israel. OMCT. www.omct.org/en/resources/blog/its-now-even-more-official-torture-is-legal-in-israel

  92. Ibid

  93. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2023, April 17). Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/warsaw-ghetto-uprising 

  94. Rabbani, M. (2002, May). The only truth about Jenin is the Israeli cover-up. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. https://www.wrmea.org/2002-may/the-only-truth-about-jenin-is-the-israeli-cover-up.html  

  95. A. Polonsky, (2012), The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume III, 1914 to 2008, p. 537

  96. How Hamas’ Leader in Gaza Reacted to the Ceasefire. (2021, June 21). Vice News. Youtube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Px6AyVjw2A

  97. Palestine Chronicle Staff. (2024, November 7). Israel dropped over 85,000 tonnes of bombs on Gaza “surpassing World War II” figures. Palestine Chronicle. www.palestinechronicle.com/surpassing-world-war-ii-figures-israel-dropped-over-85000-tonnes-of-bombs-on-gaza/ 

  98. 2021 was the deadliest year since 2014, Israel killed 319 Palestinians in opt 5-year record in House demolitions: 895 Palestinians lost their homes | b’tselem. B’tselem. (2022, January 4). www.btselem.org/press_releases/20220104_in_deadliest_year_since_2014_israel_killed_319_palestinians_in_opt 

  99. Middle East Monitor. (2024a, October 2). 902 Palestinian families wiped out in Gaza by Israel over past year: Media Office. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241002-902-palestinian-families-wiped-out-in-gaza-by-israel-over-past-year-media-office/

  100. Khalidi, R. (2021). The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. Picador. 179.

  101. Ibid, 179–180

  102. Ibid, 174

  103. Ibid, 169

  104. Ibid, 174

  105. Ibid, 198

  106. Ibid, 198

  107. Ibid, 203

  108. Ibid, 214

  109. Ibid, 215

  110. Ibid, 215

  111. Ibid

  112. Fayyad, H. (2019, March 30). Gaza’s Great March of return protests explained. Al Jazeera. www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained 

  113. Hamama, M. (2024, October 20). Surprise Unto Death: The legend of sinwar. Mada Masr. www.madamasr.com/en/2024/10/20/feature/politics/surprise-unto-death-the-legend-of-sinwar/  

  114. Middle East Eye. (2024, October 17). “I prefer to die as a martyr” says Yahya Sinwar in old resurfaced footage. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=I269qRt-75s

  115. Guiza, I. (2024, October 18). “in a keffiyeh, calm and fighting to the last”: Social media reacts to killing of Yahya Sinwar. Middle East Eye. www.middleeasteye.net/trending/yahya-sinwars-killing-mourning-celebration-online-reactions 

  116. MEE Staff. (2024, November 22). One-third of Jewish-American teens say they “sympathise” with Hamas, Israeli government poll shows. Middle East Eye. www.middleeasteye.net/news/one-third-american-jewish-teens-say-they-sympathise-hamas-israeli-government-poll-shows  

  117. Oz-Salzberger, F. (2024, November 25). We have to choose: Do we back Bibi or support Israel?. We have to choose: Do we back Bibi or support Israel? - The Jewish Chronicle. www.thejc.com/lets-talk/we-have-to-choose-do-we-back-bibi-or-support-israel-bzfu17q5 

  118. Chambers, S. (2024, July 1). Shuttered Israeli port seeks financial shield. Splash247. splash247.com/shuttered-israeli-port-seeks-financial-shield/  

  119. Young, E. (2024, October 27). Israel may drop out of developed world if key professionals emigrate - expert. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-826287 

  120. Kubovich, Y. (2024, October 31). Weapons rationing leading to more deaths of Israeli soldiers by explosive devices in Gaza. Haaretz.com. www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-10-31/ty-article/.premium/low-arms-supply-leading-to-more-israeli-soldiers-being-killed-by-explosive-devices-in-gaza/00000192-e20d-d6c4-adfe-e6cfa4620000  

  121. Inlakesh, R. (2024, October 25). “the platoons are empty”: Israeli army battles low morale, soldier defections. MintPress News. www.mintpressnews.com/the-platoons-are-empty-israeli-army-battles-low-morale-soldier-defections/288514/  

  122. Bicer, A. (2024, March 13). Israel killed more children in Gaza in last 5 months than all conflicts worldwide for last 4 years: Un Rapporteur. Anadolu Ajansı. www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-killed-more-children-in-gaza-in-last-5-months-than-all-conflicts-worldwide-for-last-4-years-un-rapporteur/3163509

  123. Williams, D. (2014). I Freed Myself: African American self-emancipation in the Civil War era. Cambridge University Press. erenow.org/modern/i-freed-myself-african-american-self-emancipation-civil-war-era/3.php

  124. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, September 27). Slave rebellions. Encyclopædia Britannica. www.britannica.com/topic/slave-rebellions 

  125. Williams, D. (2014). I Freed Myself: African American self-emancipation in the Civil War era. Cambridge University Press. erenow.org/modern/i-freed-myself-african-american-self-emancipation-civil-war-era/3.php

  126. Ibid

  127. Ibid

  128. National Archives and Records Administration. (2022, January 28). The Emancipation Proclamation. www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation

     

  129. Williams, D. (2014). I Freed Myself: African American self-emancipation in the Civil War era. Cambridge University Press. erenow.org/modern/i-freed-myself-african-american-self-emancipation-civil-war-era/4.php

  130. Ibid

  131. Ibid

  132. Plett-Usher, B. (2024, June 10). South Africans still battling ‘economic apartheid’ 30 years on. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nn035zqqqo 

  133. Qumsiyeh, M. B., & Abusarhan, M. A. (2021, November 3). An environmental nakba: The Palestinian environment under Israeli Colonization. Science for the People Magazine. magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/vol23-1/an-environmental-nakba-the-palestinian-environment-under-israeli-colonization/ 

  134. Middle East Eye. (September 22, 2024).  Israeli students chant 'may your village burn' at Palestinian girl.            Facebook. www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1170764674222593

  135. Haaretz Editorial. (2024, September 24). Israel is instilling mob values in its children: Editorial. Haaretz.com. www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2024-09-25/ty-article-opinion/israel-is-instilling-mob-values-in-its-children/00000192-259c-d815-a393-7ffe091e0000 

  136. Trachtenberg, J. (2013). Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion. Martino Publishing. p. 4.

  137. Trachtenberg, J. (2013). Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion. Martino Publishing. p. 5.

  138. Chajes, J.H. (2003). Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61

  139. Ibid, 65

  140. Ibid, 9

  141. Ibid, 42

  142. Ibid, 57

  143. Climenhaga, L. (2012, May 9). Imagining the witch: A comparison between fifteenth-century witches within medieval Christian thought and the persecution of jews and heretics in the Middle Ages. Constellations. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/constellations/index.php/constellations/article/view/17200  p. 119-120

  144. Ibid, 121

  145. Trachtenberg, J. (2013). Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion. Martino Publishing. p. 2.

  146. Climenhaga, L. (2012, May 9). Imagining the witch: A comparison between fifteenth-century witches within medieval Christian thought and the persecution of jews and heretics in the Middle Ages. Constellations. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/constellations/index.php/constellations/article/view/17200  p. 124-125

  147. Lubrich, N. (2015). The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap. Jewish History, 29(3/4), 203–244. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24709777 , p. 222-223

  148. Council Fathers. (1215). Fourth lateran council : 1215. (Tanner, N. trans.) Papal Encyclicals. www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm 

  149. LUBRICH, N. (2015). The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap. Jewish      History, 29(3/4), 203–244. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24709777 , p. 227-228

  150. Ibid., 233.

  151. New exhibition at the wiener library features “jews out!” – a children’s board game from Nazi Germany. Tel Aviv University News. (2023, January 24). english.tau.ac.il/news/wiener_exhibition_2023 

  152. Cassen, Flora. (2019). Jewish Travelers in Early Modern Italy: Visible and Invisible Resistance to the Jewish        Badge. in Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe www.researchgate.net/publication/336347490_Jewish_Travelers_in_Early_Modern_Italy_Visible_a          nd_Invisible_Resistance_to_the_Jewish_Badge (pp.73-89)

  153. Horowitz, E. (n.d.). Sumptuary Legislation. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/305 

  154. Varyash, I. (2024, January 17). The persecutions of the Jews and Muslims in the West. Qalam. https://qalam.global/en/articles/the-persecutions-of-the-jews-and-muslims-in-the-west-en-1

  155. Ibid.

  156. Ford, R.T. (2022). Dress Codes: How the laws of fashion made history. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 53.

  157. Shirbon, E., & Grzanka, P. (2024, March 28). Israeli soldiers play with Gaza Women’s underwear in online posts | reuters. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-soldiers-play-with-gaza-womens-underwear-online-posts-2024-03-28/ 

  158. Al-Mughrabi, N. (2023, December 8). Israeli images showing Palestinian detainees in underwear spark outrage | Reuters. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-condemns-israel-over-images-showing-semi-naked-palestinian-prisoners-2023-12-08/ 

  159. Mączak, A. (1995). Travel in Early Modern Europe. Polity Press. p. 245

  160. Ibid, 248

  161. Evangelisti, S. (2007). Nuns: A History of Convent Life. Oxford University Press. p.33

  162. Mohsen, T. (2022, August 6). How colonizers weaponize rape: Reflections from the Palestinian case. Mondoweiss. https://mondoweiss.net/2022/08/how-colonizers-weaponize-rape-reflections-from-the-palestinian-case/  

  163. Inlakesh, R. (2024, March 12). On Israel and rape. thecradle.co. https://thecradle.co/articles/on-israel-and-rape  

  164. Goldberg, E. L. (2011). Jews and Magic in Medici Florence: The secret world of Benedetto Blanis. University of Toronto Press. p. 23

  165. Ibid., 103

  166. Ibid, 103

  167. Abu Sneineh, M. (2021, May 6). Sheikh jarrah explained: The past and present of east jerusalem neighbourhood. Middle East Eye. www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-sheikh-jarrah-jerusalem-neighbourhood-eviction-explained 

  168. Goldberg, E. L. (2011). Jews and Magic in Medici Florence: The secret world of Benedetto Blanis. University of Toronto Press. p. 91.

  169. Ibid, 98

  170. Ibid, 105

  171. Ibid, 105

  172. Ibid, 108

  173. Stone, D. (1997). Knowledge of Foreign Languages among Eighteenth-Century Polish Jews. In G. D. Hundert (Ed.), Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 10: Jews in Early Modern Poland (pp. 200–218). Liverpool University Press. doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv39x6j8.16, p. 205.  

  174. Stampfer, S. (2003). What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648? Jewish History, 17(2), 207–       227. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20101498

  175. Zimmermann, Moshe. Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism. New York and Oxford: Oxford University. p. 18.

  176. Philologos. (2020, May 20). How “anti-semitism” replaced “jew-hatred” and why it shouldn’t have. Mosaic. mosaicmagazine.com/observation/history-ideas/2020/05/how-anti-semitism-replaced-jew-hatred-and-why-it-shouldnt-have/ 

  177. UNESCO. (1950). The Race Question. unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000128291 p.8

  178. Gannon, M., & LiveScience. (2016, February 5). Race is a social construct, scientists argue. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/ 

  179. Harpham, G. G. (Ed.). (2023). François Bernier: 1620–1688. Theories of Race: An annotated anthology of essays on race, 1684⁠–⁠1900. www.theoriesofrace.com/1/ 

  180. Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, June 30). Johann Christoph Gatterer. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gatterer 

  181. File:first depiction of historical ethnology by Semitic, Hamitic and Japhetic, 1771, Gatterer.jpg - Wikipedia republished // Wiki 2. Wikipedia. (n.d.). wiki2.org/en/File:First_depiction_of_historical_ethnology_by_Semitic,_Hamitic_and_Japhetic,_1771,_Gatterer_jpg 

  182. Charmantier, I. (2020, September 3). Linnaeus and Race. The Linnean Society of London. www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race 

  183. Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its           Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 1831. 

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  185. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. John Murray. darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=214 p. 201.

  186. World Court finds Israel responsible for apartheid. Human Rights Watch. (2024, July 19). www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/19/world-court-finds-israel-responsible-apartheid 

  187. David Feldman, Toward a History of the Term “Anti-Semitism”, The American Historical         Review, Volume 123, Issue 4, October 2018, Pages 1139–1150, doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhy029 p. 1141

     

  188. Ibid., 1143

  189. Rosselson, L. (2018, October 25). Theodor Herzl, founder of Zionism. not quite what you might imagine. Jewish Voice for Labour. www.jewishvoiceforlabour.org.uk/article/theodor-herzl-founder-of-zionism-not-quite-what-you-might-imagine/ 

  190. Hurwitz, S. (2024, March 6). Why does Biden keep making the same dangerous comment about jews?. The Nation. www.thenation.com/article/politics/biden-jews-israel-safety /

  191. Feldman, p. 1146

  192. Feldman, p. 1147

  193. Massad, J. (2012, December 24). Zionism, anti-Semitism and colonialism. Al Jazeera. www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/12/24/zionism-anti-semitism-and-colonialism 

  194. Ibid.

  195. Anti-Nazi Boycotts. Jewish Virtual Library. (n.d.). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/anti-nazi-boycotts 

  196. Haavara winds up Reich-Palestine transfer operations; handled $35,000,000 in 6 years. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. (1939, September 10). www.jta.org/archive/haavara-winds-up-reich-palestine-transfer-operations-handled-35000000-in-6-years 

  197. Massad, J. (2012, December 24). Zionism, anti-Semitism and colonialism. Al Jazeera.    www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/12/24/zionism-anti-semitism-and-colonialism 

  198. Abu-Diab, Fawzi: Immigration to Israel: A Threat to Peace in the Middle East (Information Paper          #12; New York: Arab Information Center, 1960)             archive.org/details/ImmigrationToIsraelAThreatToPeaceInTheMiddleEast  p.6

  199. Margaliot, Abraham. (1989). THE PROBLEM OF THE RESCUE OF GERMAN JEWRY DURING           THE      YEARS 1933-1939; THE REASONS FOR THE DELAY IN THEIR EMIGRATION FROM THE THIRD REICH. Volume 2, edited by Michael Robert Marrus, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Saur.    doi.org/10.1515/9783110968729.553 pp. 559-60. 

     

  200. Shohat, E. (1988). Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims. Social Text, 19/20, 1–35.        palestinecollective.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/sephardim-in-israel_-zionism-from-the-standpoint-of-its-jewish-victims.pdf p. 9

  201. Ibid, 9

  202. Ibid, 10

  203. Ibid, 11

  204. Ibid, 11

  205. Ibid, 12

  206. MEE Staff. (2023, June 17). Avi Shlaim says he has “proof of Zionist involvement” in 1950s attack on Iraqi jews. Middle East Eye. www.middleeasteye.net/news/avi-shlaim-proof-israel-zionist-involvement-iraq-jews-attacks 

  207. Shohat, E. (1988). Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims. Social Text, 19/20, 1–35.        palestinecollective.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/sephardim-in-israel_-zionism-from-the-standpoint-of-its-jewish-victims.pdf p. 4

  208. Ibid, 15

  209. Ibid, 16

  210. Pacchiani, G. (2024, June 22). West Bank Palestinian laborers in despair after eight months without jobs in Israel | The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/west-bank-palestinian-laborers-in-despair-after-eight-months-without-jobs-in-israel/ 

  211. Yang, J. (2024, April 26). Israel is desperate to replace Palestinian farmhands. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/25/israel-agriculture-india-palestinians-foreign-workers-rights/ 

  212. Ibid, 15

  213. Ibid, 17

  214. Ibid, 17

  215. Ibid, 18

  216. Ibid, 17

  217. Times of Israel Staff. (2021, February 22). Government expresses “regret,” will compensate for disappeared yemenite children | The Times of Israel. Times of Israel. www.timesofisrael.com/government-set-to-express-regret-compensate-for-disappeared-yemenite-children/ 

  218. Ehrman, A. (1976). THE ORIGINS OF THE RITUAL MURDER ACCUSATION AND BLOOD

                LIBEL. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 15(4), 83–90. www.jstor.org/stable/23258406

  219. Climenhaga, L. (2012, May 9). Imagining the witch: A comparison between fifteenth-century witches within medieval Christian thought and the persecution of jews and heretics in the Middle Ages. Constellations. journals.library.ualberta.ca/constellations/index.php/constellations/article/view/17200 

  220. Maad, A., Audureau, W., & Forey, S. (2024, April 3). “40 beheaded babies”: Deconstructing the rumor at the heart of the information battle between Israel and Hamas. Le Monde.fr. www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2024/04/03/40-beheaded-babies-the-itinerary-of-a-rumor-at-the-heart-of-the-information-battle-between-israel-and-hamas_6667274_8.html

  221. Syed, A. (2023, December 15). What Palestinian children face in Israeli prisons. Time. time.com/6548068/palestinian-children-israeli-prison-arrested/ 

  222. Najjar, F. (2024, September 1). To be a Palestinian child, trying to survive Israeli jail. Al Jazeera. www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/8/31/to-be-a-palestinian-child-trying-to-survive-israeli-jail 

  223. Kinder, T. (2014, November 22). Israel: 240 Palestinian children “sexually abused” in jerusalem detention centres, group claims. International Business Times UK. www.ibtimes.co.uk/israel-240-palestinian-children-sexually-abused-jerusalem-detention-centres-group-claims-1476061 

  224. Forensic Architecture. (n.d., accessed 2024, December 8). https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-hind-rajab  

  225. Agency, A. (2024, July 11). “Suffering Horrifically”: 10 months of Israel’s “War on Children” in Gaza. Middle East Monitor. www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240711-suffering-horrifically-10-months-of-israels-war-on-children-in-gaza/ 

  226. @Doamuslims. (2024, May 18). Israeli soldier playing with killed Palestinian children’s toys in Gaza. Instagram. www.instagram.com/doamuslims/reel/C7H1ozMrmIy/

     

  227. Shehadeh, R. (2023). We Could Have Been Friends, My Father and I: A Palestinian Memoir. Other Press.

  228. Khalil, Z. (2024, February 11). Israeli soldiers steal over $54 million from Gaza Bank: Report. Anadolu Ajansı. www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-soldiers-steal-over-54-million-from-gaza-bank-report/3134166 

  229. Johnson, J. (2024, August 28). “Very bad sign for democracy”: AIPAC has spent over $100 million on 2024 elections. Common Dreams. www.commondreams.org/news/aipac-100-million 

  230. McGreal, C. (2024, February 4). CNN staff say network’s pro-Israel slant amounts to “journalistic malpractice.” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/media/2024/feb/04/cnn-staff-pro-israel-bias 

  231. Valdez, J. (2024, August 29). Columbia cuts due process for student protesters after Congress demands harsher punishment. The Intercept. theintercept.com/2024/08/29/columbia-campus-protests-gaza-subpoena/ 

  232. Weinberg, D. A. (2021, August 6). Proven false 100 years ago, antisemitic ‘protocols’ document is still being exploited | arab news. www.arabnews.com/node/1906891/middle-east 

  233. Durgham, N. (2024, July 15). Palestinians raped and tortured in Israeli detention, says prisoners group. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gaza-israel-detainees-abuse-torture-sde-teiman-ofer

  234. Graham-Harrison, E., & Kierszenbaum, Q. (2024, July 30). IDF charges reservist with aggravated abuse of Palestinian prisoners. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/30/idf-charges-reservist-with-aggravated-abuse-of-palestinian-prisoners

  235. Gaza: Israeli army systematically uses police dogs to brutally attack Palestinian civilians, with at least one reported rape. Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. (2024, June 27). euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6383/Gaza:-Israeli-army-systematically-uses-police-dogs-to-brutally-attack-Palestinian-civilians,-with-at-least-one-reported-rape 

  236. Ziv, O. (2024, August 1). A riot for impunity shows Israel’s proud embrace of its crimes. +972 Magazine. https://www.972mag.com/sde-teiman-beit-lid-protests-detainees/

  237. Israeli lawmaker justifies rape of Palestinian prisoners. Middle East Eye. (2024, July 30). https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-lawmaker-justifies-rape-palestinian-prisoners

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  239. Al Jazeera. (2003, June 5). Israel’s Latin American trail of terror. Al Jazeera. www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/6/5/israels-latin-american-trail-of-terror 

  240. Al-Anani, K. (2023, May 11). The sudan crisis: How regional actors’ competing interests fuel the conflict. Arab Center Washington DC. arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-sudan-crisis-how-regional-actors-competing-interests-fuel-the-conflict/ 

  241. Nilus, p.39

  242. Jabotinsky, V. (Jabotinsky Institute in Israel trans.) (1923). The Iron Wall. Razsviet.      en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf

  243. Kampeas, R. (2024, April 19). Poll: Months into Gaza War, most US jews feel close to Israel -- not its government | The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. www.timesofisrael.com/poll-months-into-gaza-war-most-us-jews-feel-close-to-israel-not-its-government/ 

  244. Poll: 72% support humanitarian pause; 20% favor unconditional ceasefire. The Jewish Federations of North America. (2023, November 22). www.jewishfederations.org/fedworld/poll-72-support-humanitarian-pause-only-20-favor-unconditional-ceasefire-452801 

  245. Rosenberg, D. (2022, June 27). The ideals of the Jewish Labor Bund have outlived Nazi genocide. Jacobin. jacobin.com/2022/06/jewish-labor-bund-nazi-genocide-wwii-labor-migration-anti-zionism 

  246. Kraus, K. (2017). In These Great Times: Selected Writings (P. Healy, Trans.). November Editions. p. 56

  247. Sand, S. (2014). The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland (G. Forman, Trans.). Verso. p. 70

  248. (2013). The Skeptic’s Annotated Bible: The King James Version from a skeptic’s point of view. SAB Books. Genesis 12:1

  249. Ibid., Genesis 12:10

  250. Watanabe, T. (2001, April 13). Doubting the Story of Exodus. Los Angeles Times. www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-apr-13-mn-50481-story.html

  251. Sand, S. (2014). The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland (G. Forman, Trans.). Verso. p. 70–71

  252. Ibid, 71

  253. (2013). The Skeptic’s Annotated Bible: The King James Version from a skeptic’s point of view. SAB Books.          Deuteronomy 7:3

  254. Ibid., Exodus 21:15-22:20

  255. Sand, S. (2014). The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland (G. Forman, Trans.). Verso.    p.76

  256. Ibid, 72

  257. (2013). The Skeptic’s Annotated Bible: The King James Version from a skeptic’s point of view. SAB Books.          Exodus 23:27

  258. Ibid, Exodus 23:29

  259. Ibid., Joshua 6:21 and 11:14

  260. Ibid, Joshua 6:24

  261. Sand, S. (2014). The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland (G. Forman, Trans.). Verso.,    p. 75

  262. Ibid,    74

  263. Ibid,.74

  264. Ibid, 85

  265. Shlomo, S. (2014, October 10). Shlomo Sand: “I wish to resign and cease considering myself a Jew.” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/10/shlomo-sand-i-wish-to-cease-considering-myself-a-jew

  266. United Nations. (2023, September 27). Settlement expansion in Occupied Palestinian territory violates international law, must cease, many delegates tell Security Council | Meetings Coverage and press releases. United Nations. press.un.org/en/2023/sc15424.doc.htm 

  267. United Nations. (2004, July 9). International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion finds Israel’s construction of wall “contrary to international law” | meetings coverage and press releases. United Nations. press.un.org/en/2004/icj616.doc.htm 

  268. United Nations. (2022, March 25). Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territory is “apartheid”: UN rights expert . United Nations. news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114702 

  269. United Nations. (2024, March 26). Rights expert finds “reasonable grounds” genocide is being committed in Gaza | UN News. United Nations. news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147976 

  270. United Nations. (2024b, May 20). ICC seeking arrest warrants for Hamas leaders and Israel’s Netanyahu . United Nations. news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149966 

  271. Little, B. (2023, October 4). How did humans evolve?. History.com. www.history.com/news/humans-evolution-neanderthals-denisovans 

  272. Haddad, M. (2024, July 11). Visualising how Israel keeps stealing Palestinian land. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/11/how-israel-keeps-stealing-palestinian-land  

  273. Sand, S. (2014). The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland (G. Forman, Trans.). Verso.    p. 12

  274. Rubin, R. (2013, May 7). “Jews a race” genetic theory comes under fierce attack by DNA expert. The Forward. forward.com/israel/175912/jews-a-race-genetic-theory-comes-under-fierce-atta/  

  275. Elhaik E. (2017, July 28) Editorial: Population Genetics of Worldwide Jewish People. Frontiers in Genetics.         8:101. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00101 PMID: 28804494; PMCID: PMC5532521.    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532521/

  276. Indigenous (adj.). Etymology. (n.d.). www.etymonline.com/word/Indigenous 

  277. Verhulst, S. (2023, March 9). It’s time to rethink the idea of “Indigenous” . The Living Library. thelivinglib.org/its-time-to-rethink-the-idea-of-Indigenous/ 

     

  278. Peters, M. A., & Mika, C. T. (2017). Aborigine, Indian, Indigenous or first nations? Educational Philosophy and   Theory, 49(13), 1229–1234. doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1279879

  279. Evri Y, Kotef H. (2022). When does a native become a settler? (With apologies to Zreik and Mamdani).   Constellations. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12470

  280. Ibid.

  281. Ibid.

  282. United Nations. (2022, June 6). Fact sheet on environment in Palestine in Palestine. United Nations. https://palestine.un.org/en/185047-fact-sheet-environment-palestine  

  283. Evri Y, Kotef H. (2022). When does a native become a settler? (With apologies to Zreik and Mamdani).   Constellations. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12470

  284. What is Ladino?. Sephardic Brotherhood. (n.d.). www.sephardicbrotherhood.com/what-is-ladino

  285. Mendel, Y. (2020). On Palestinian Yiddish and Ashkenazi Arabic in 18-19 century Palestine: a language- oriented new look on Jewish-Arab relations. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(2), 204–222.      doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2020.1778444

  286. Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, October 11). Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Palestinian_Judeo-Arabic 

  287. Shohat, E. (1999). The Invention of the Mizrahim. Journal of Palestine Studies, 29(1), 5–20.       https://doi.org/10.2307/2676427

  288. Rapoport, M. (2015, December 15). Israel’s forgotten Arabic language. Middle East Eye. www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israels-forgotten-arabic-language 

  289. Fellman, J. (n.d.). Hebrew: Eliezer Ben-Yehuda & the Revival of Hebrew. Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/eliezer-ben-yehuda-and-the-revival-of-hebrew  

  290. Socquet-Juglard, M. (2022). Persistence of Silenced Toponymic Landscapes in Disputed Territories : The Case of Arabic in West-Jerusalem. Judaica. Neue Digitale Folge, 3. https://doi.org/10.36950/jndf.2022.22

  291. (2018, August 14). Arabic Downgraded in Israel. Language Magazine. www.languagemagazine.com/2018/08/14/arabic-downgraded-in-israel/

  292. Arianti, F. (2024, September 16). Forests thrive when Indigenous people have legal stewardship of their land. Resilience. www.resilience.org/stories/2024-09-16/forests-thrive-when-Indigenous-people-have-legal-stewardship-of-their-land/

  293. (2022, November 3). Fact Sheet: Israel’s Environmental Apartheid in Palestine. IMEU. imeu.org/article/environmental-apartheid-in-palestine 

  294. Pearce, F. (2019, September 30). In Israel, Questions are Raised about a Forest that Rises from the Desert. Yale Environment 360. e360.yale.edu/features/in-israel-questions-are-raised-about-a-forest-that-rises-from-the-desert 

  295. Ibid.

  296. Bentley, Elizabeth. Between Extinction and Dispossession: A Rhetorical Historiography of the Last Palestinian     Crocodile (1870–1935). Jerusalem Quarterly 88 (2021): 9-29. /www.palestine-         studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Between%20Extinction%20and%20Dispossession.pdf

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